1834 in science

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The year 1834 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

Events

March – William Whewell (anonymously) first publishes the term scientist in the Quarterly Review, but notes it as "not generally palatable".^[1]

Astronomy

March 14 – John Herschel discovers the open cluster of stars now known as NGC 3603.^[2]
Hermann Helmholtz proposes gravitational contraction as the energy source for the Sun.
Johann Heinrich von Mädler and Wilhelm Beer publish Mappa Selenographica, the most complete map of the Moon up to this time.
Thomas Henderson is appointed first Astronomer Royal for Scotland.

Biology

James Paget discovers in human muscle the parasitic worm that causes trichinosis.
Félix Dujardin proposes that single-cell animals should be classified in a group by themselves.

Chemistry

Phenol was discovered by Friedlieb Ferdinand Runge, who extracted it (in impure form) from coal tar.

Geology

The Triassic is named by Friedrich August von Alberti for the three distinct layers of redbeds, capped by chalk, followed by black shales that are found throughout Germany and Northwest Europe, called the 'Trias'.
The Great Devonian Controversy begins.^[3]

Paleontology

The large prehistoric whale Basilosaurus is discovered in Eocene rock deposits. It is presumed to be a large reptile.^[4]^[5]^[6]

Mathematics

Charles Babbage begins the conceptual design of an "analytical engine", a mechanical forerunner of the modern computer. It will not be built in his lifetime.^[7]^[8]^[9]

Mechanics

Carl Gustav Jakob Jacobi discovers his uniformly rotating self-gravitating ellipsoids.
Scottish naval architect John Scott Russell first observes a nondecaying solitary wave (a soliton, which he calls "the Wave of Translation") while watching a boat hauled through the water of the Union Canal near Edinburgh, subsequently using a tank to study the dependence of solitary wave velocities on amplitude and liquid depth.^[10]

Medicine

Joseph-François Malgaigne publishes Manuel de medecine operatoire.
St. Vincent's Hospital is set up in Dublin by Mary Aikenhead, staffed by the Religious Sisters of Charity,^[11] the first hospital staffed by nuns in the English-speaking world.

Physics

Émile Clapeyron presents a formulation of the second law of thermodynamics.
Michael Faraday publishes "On Electrical Decomposition" in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, in which he coins the words electrode, anode, cathode, anion, cation, electrolyte and electrolyze.^[12]
Heinrich Lenz discovers Lenz's law.
Jean-Charles-Athanase Peltier discovers the Peltier effect.

Technology

June 21 – Cyrus McCormick receives his first patent for a mechanical reaper, in the United States.^[13]
December 23 – English architect Joseph Hansom patents the Hansom cab.^[9]^[14]
Joseph Chaley’s Grand Pont Suspendu in Fribourg is the first suspension bridge with cables assembled in mid-air.^[15]
Jacob Perkins creates a cooling machine that uses ice, an early refrigerator.^[16]

Awards

Copley Medal: Giovanni Plana^[17]

Births

January 7 – Johann Philipp Reis (died 1874), German physicist and inventor.
January 15 – Frederick DuCane Godman (died 1919), English lepidopterist, entomologist and ornithologist.
January 17 – August Weismann (died 1914), German biologist.
February 7 – Dmitri Mendeleev (died 1907), Russian chemist.
February 16 – Ernst Haeckel (died 1919), German zoologist.
February 20 (O.S. February 8) – Nikolai Kaufman (died 1870), Russian botanist.
March 17 – Gottlieb Daimler (died 1900), German mechanical engineer and automotive pioneer.
April 30 – John Lubbock (died 1913), English naturalist and archaeologist.
June 22 – William Chester Minor (died 1920), Ceylonese-born American military surgeon, lexicographer and murderer.
July 6 – Henry Haversham Godwin-Austen (died 1923), English surveyor, geologist and naturalist.
August 5 – Ewald Hering (died 1918), German physiologist.
August 10 – Maurice Raynaud (died 1881), French physician.
August 22 – Samuel Pierpont Langley (died 1906), American astronomer.
August 23 – Hugh Owen Thomas (died 1891), Welsh-born orthopaedic surgeon.
August 29 – Hermann Sprengel (died 1906), German-born chemist.
September 30 – Carl Schorlemmer (died 1892), German organic chemist.
December 15 – Charles Augustus Young (died 1908), American astronomer.
December 24 – Augustus George Vernon Harcourt (died 1919), English chemist.

Deaths

January 8 – Jacques Labillardière (born 1755), French naturalist.
January 17 – Giovanni Aldini (born 1762), Italian physicist.
February 16 – Lionel Lukin (born 1742), English inventor.
February 26 – Alois Senefelder (born 1771), German inventor.
July 12 – David Douglas (born 1799), Scottish-born botanist and explorer.
August 7 – Joseph Marie Jacquard (born 1752), French inventor.
September 9 – James Weddell (born 1787), Anglo-Scots seal hunter and Antarctic explorer.
October 10 – Thomas Say (born 1787), American naturalist.
November 27 – Rosalie de Constant [fr], Swiss naturalist (born 1758)

References

^ "scientist, n." Oxford English Dictionary online version. Oxford University Press. March 2011. Retrieved 2011-04-05. (subscription or participating institution membership required) ^{[dead link‍]}
^ Sher, D. (1965). "The Curious History of NGC 3603". Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada. 59: 76. Bibcode:1965JRASC..59...67S.
^ Rudwick, Martin J. S. (1985). The Great Devonian Controversy: The Shaping of Scientific Knowledge among Gentlemanly Specialists. University of Chicago Press.
^ Gingerich, P. D. (2012). "Evolution of Whales from Land to Sea" (PDF). Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. 156 (3): 309–323.
^ "Notice of fossil bones found in the Tertiary formation of the State of Louisiana". Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. 1834.
^ "†Basilosaurus Harlan 1834 (whale)". PBDB.
^ Hyman, Anthony (1982). Charles Babbage: Pioneer of the Computer. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-858170-X.
^ "Babbage's Analytical Engine, 1834-1871 (Trial model)". Science Museum (London). Archived from the original on 20 September 2010. Retrieved 1 October 2010.
^ ^a ^b Palmer, Alan; Palmer, Veronica (1992). The Chronology of British History. London: Century Ltd. pp. 259–260. ISBN 0-7126-5616-2.
^ Russell, J. Scott (September 1844), "Report on waves", Fourteenth meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science (PDF), York, pp. 311–390, retrieved 2012-08-28
^ Meenan, F. O. C. (1995). St Vincent's Hospital 1834–1994. Dublin: Gill and Macmillan. ISBN 0-7171-2151-8.
^ Faraday, Michael (1834). "On Electrical Decomposition". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. 124: 77–122. doi:10.1098/rstl.1834.0008. S2CID 116224057.
^ Iles, George (1912). "Cyrus H. McCormick". Leading American Inventors (2nd ed.). New York: Henry Holt and Company. pp. 276–314. Retrieved 31 December 2011.
^ Penguin Pocket On This Day. Penguin Reference Library. 2006. ISBN 0-14-102715-0.
^ Peters, Tom F.; Andrea L. (1987). Transitions in Engineering: Guillaume Henri Dufour and the early 19th century Cable Suspension Bridges. Basel: Birkhauser. ISBN 3-7643-1929-1.
^ "Inventions of the 1800s timeline". softschools.com. Archived from the original on 2015-05-18.
^ "Copley Medal | British scientific award". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 22 July 2020.

[1] "scientist, n." Oxford English Dictionary online version. Oxford University Press. March 2011. Retrieved 2011-04-05. (subscription or participating institution membership required) ^{[dead link‍]}

[2] Sher, D. (1965). "The Curious History of NGC 3603". Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada. 59: 76. Bibcode:1965JRASC..59...67S.

[3] Rudwick, Martin J. S. (1985). The Great Devonian Controversy: The Shaping of Scientific Knowledge among Gentlemanly Specialists. University of Chicago Press.

[4] Gingerich, P. D. (2012). "Evolution of Whales from Land to Sea" (PDF). Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. 156 (3): 309–323.

[5] "Notice of fossil bones found in the Tertiary formation of the State of Louisiana". Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. 1834.

[6] "†Basilosaurus Harlan 1834 (whale)". PBDB.

[7] Hyman, Anthony (1982). Charles Babbage: Pioneer of the Computer. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-858170-X.

[8] "Babbage's Analytical Engine, 1834-1871 (Trial model)". Science Museum (London). Archived from the original on 20 September 2010. Retrieved 1 October 2010.

[CBH-9] Palmer, Alan; Palmer, Veronica (1992). The Chronology of British History. London: Century Ltd. pp. 259–260. ISBN 0-7126-5616-2.

[10] Russell, J. Scott (September 1844), "Report on waves", Fourteenth meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science (PDF), York, pp. 311–390, retrieved 2012-08-28

[11] Meenan, F. O. C. (1995). St Vincent's Hospital 1834–1994. Dublin: Gill and Macmillan. ISBN 0-7171-2151-8.

[12] Faraday, Michael (1834). "On Electrical Decomposition". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. 124: 77–122. doi:10.1098/rstl.1834.0008. S2CID 116224057.

[13] Iles, George (1912). "Cyrus H. McCormick". Leading American Inventors (2nd ed.). New York: Henry Holt and Company. pp. 276–314. Retrieved 31 December 2011.

[14] Penguin Pocket On This Day. Penguin Reference Library. 2006. ISBN 0-14-102715-0.

[15] Peters, Tom F.; Andrea L. (1987). Transitions in Engineering: Guillaume Henri Dufour and the early 19th century Cable Suspension Bridges. Basel: Birkhauser. ISBN 3-7643-1929-1.

[16] "Inventions of the 1800s timeline". softschools.com. Archived from the original on 2015-05-18.

[17] "Copley Medal | British scientific award". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 22 July 2020.

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